Predicting behavioural intentions towards medication safety among student and new graduate nurses across four countries.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To identify final-year undergraduate students and new graduate nurses' behavioural intentions towards medication safety across four countries. BACKGROUND: Medication errors are a common and avoidable occurrence, being costly for not only patients but also for health systems and society. DESIGN: A multi-site cross-sectional study. METHODS: A self-administered survey was distributed to students and new graduate nurses in South Africa, India, Turkey and Australia. Descriptive statistics were calculated for all survey items. Multiple linear regressions were performed to predict behavioural intentions using the three Theory of Planned Behaviour constructs: attitudes, behavioural control and subjective norms. This study adheres to the STROBE guidelines. RESULTS: Data were analysed for 432 students and 576 new graduate nurses. Across all countries, new graduate nurses reported significantly higher scores on all the TPB variables compared with student nurses. Attitudes towards medication management were found significantly and positively related to intention to practice safe medication management for both student and new graduate nurses. Total perceived behavioural control was significantly and negatively related to intention to practice safe medication management for students. CONCLUSION: Student and new graduate nurses showed favourable attitude, subjective norm, perceived behaviour control and intention in practising medication safety. However, differences in countries require further exploration on the factors influencing attitudes towards medication safety among student nurses and new nurse graduates. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Understanding student and new graduate nurses' medication administration practices is important to inform strategies aimed at improving patient safety. The findings of this study highlight the need for an internationally coordinated approach to ensure safe medication administration by student and new graduate nurses.

The Effect of Graduates' Opinions and Experiences on Home Care Practices in Undergraduate Education on Postgraduate Nursing Interventions: A Qualitative Study.

AIM: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the opinions of nurses who completed the public health nursing internship program and are currently working in the clinic about the home care interventions they apply during nursing education and to evaluate the effects of these practices on the clinical studies. METHOD: The descriptive qualitative research was conducted in May-June 2016. The sample number determined by the criterion sampling method, one of the purposive sampling methods, is 14 nurses. In the interviews, an introductory information form and an interview form consisting of open-ended questions were used. The data were collected via e-mail and evaluated by content analysis. The data were reported according to COREQ. Ethics committee approval was obtained. RESULTS: Readiness to the profession was revealed with four themes including personal development, understanding the importance of home care practice, evidence-based and holistic care, and related sub-themes. CONCLUSION: Opinions of the graduates about the home care interventions they applied during their education and the effects of these practices on the clinical studies were multidimensional and positive.

A study on the adaptation of the HIV/AIDS-related Stigma Scale into Turkish.

PURPOSE: This study aims to test the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the HIV/AIDS-related Stigma Scale. DESIGN AND METHODS: The study has a methodological design. The sample included a total of 428 participants. of the participants, 198 were HIV/AIDS patients, 230 were HIV-negative individuals. The data were analyzed using the Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. FINDINGS: The Turkish version of the HIV/AIDS-related Stigma Scale was found to be valid and reliable for the Turkish society. Cronbach's α was 0.93 for the community perspectives subscale and 0.89 for the patient perspectives subscale, and all the model fit indices were acceptable. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The level of stigmatization revealed by the scale helps gain an insight into the community and patient perspectives on HIV/AIDS.

Evaluation of the validity and reliability of the Revised Professional Practice Environment Scale for Turkish society.

BACKGROUND: Professional practice environment is a concept comprising autonomy, teamwork and professional motivation. AIM: We aimed to validate and demonstrate the reliability of the Turkish version of the Revised Professional Practice Environment Scale in this study. METHODS: The study has a methodological design with a sample of 306 nurses working in university hospitals located in two different regions in Turkey. The data of the study were collected between July 2019 and January 2020 using introductory information form and the Revised Professional Practice Environment Scale. In the analysis of the data, Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient was employed using SPSS 22.0 and Amos 23.0, whereas exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and Pearson correlation analysis were applied to test the construct validity. RESULTS: The Cronbach alpha value obtained for the whole scale was 0.89, ranging between 0.68 and 0.86 for the subscales. RMSEA, SRMR, GFI and χ2 /df, which account for the fit indices of the 29-item and 6-factor structure of the scale, were at an acceptable level. CONCLUSION: We concluded that the Revised Professional Practice Environment Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool fit for use in Turkish environments.

Nursing Students' Intention to Report Medication Errors: Application of Theory of Planned Behavior.

BACKGROUND: Reporting, investigating, and full disclosure of medication errors (MEs) is a fundamental component of patient safety. Therefore, determining nursing students' intention to report MEs is important. PURPOSE: This study examined the factors related to nursing students' intention to report MEs and the use of the Turkish version of the Theory of Planned Behavior Medication Safety Questionnaire (TPB-MSQ-T). METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional design was used with a sample of 227 undergraduate nursing students in Istanbul, Turkey. Students' intentions to report MEs were measured using an online TPB-MSQ-T. Quantitative analysis was conducted. RESULTS: Attitudes and perceived behavioral control (PBC) were significant predictors of intention to report MEs (P = .05 and P = .01, respectively), but subjective norms did not predict it (P = .11). The Cronbach's α of the questionnaire was 0.88. CONCLUSIONS: Attitude and PBC are important determinants of nursing students' intention to report MEs. The TPB-MSQ-T can be used for identifying the main determinants of intention to report MEs.

Effects of Health Belief Model based nursing interventions offered at home visits on lymphedema prevention in women with breast cancer: A randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Lymphedema is an important morbidity due to its physical and psychological restrictions and financial burden in women having breast cancer surgery. The study was performed to examine effects of Health Belief Model (HBM) based nursing interventions given at home visits on prevention of lymphedema in women having breast surgery. DESIGN: The study had an experimental design. METHODS: The study included 72 women receiving radiotherapy after breast surgery, of whom 37 formed the intervention group and 35 formed the control group. The sample was based on Consolidated Standard of Reporting Trials (CONSORT). Data were collected with a personal information questionnaire, Quick-Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Score (Q-DASH), European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life for Breast Cancer 23 (EORTC QLQ-BR23), Strategies Used by Patients to Promote Health (SUPPH), Arm Circumference Form at three home visits at 3-month intervals. RESULTS: HBM based nursing interventions regularly offered at home visits were found to create positive changes in behaviour of lymphedema prevention and improve upper extremity functions, reduce side-effects, relieve arm and breast symptoms, enhance the quality of life, increase self-efficacy and lower the frequency of lymphedema and costs. CONCLUSION: The HBM based nursing interventions regularly offered at home visits can create positive changes in behaviour of lymphedema prevention and prevent lymphedema in women receiving radiotherapy after breast surgery. Considering costs of treatment for lymphedema, these interventions can be considered as cost-effective. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Nursing interventions directed towards behaviour of preventing lymphedema and follow-ups in the long-term should be supported by home visits and reminders through phone calls. Nurses should perform HBM based interventions regularly at home visits to prevent lymphedema. These interventions were found to reduce financial burden and were cost-effective.

Living With Diabetes: Perceived Barriers of Adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is the most common endocrine disease during infancy and adolescence. Diabetes causes serious coping problems during adolescence because of the need for continuous observation and because of diabetes-related complications. Thus, adolescents must adapt to and effectively manage their diabetes. PURPOSE: This study was designed to determine the perceived barriers to home care in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes using the Health Promotion Model. METHODS: Eighteen adolescents were selected from the qualified patients who applied to a diabetes polyclinic at a training and research hospital in western Turkey. Interview questions were created based on the Health Promotion Model. A phenomenological analysis of the data was conducted using the content analysis method. RESULTS: The barriers that participants identified as negatively impacting their ability to manage their disease effectively were categorized into the three themes of "negative feelings about having diabetes," "personal barriers," and "environmental barriers." The barriers identified included school, friends, family, fear of complications, lack of information, and personal characteristics, among others. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This qualitative study enables us to understand what patients feel because the participants explained their difficulties in managing their disease and in maintaining metabolic control. The findings provide an understanding of the subjective experiences of adolescent patients with diabetes. The findings of this study are intended to be helpful in restructuring training in clinics, raising diabetes awareness among teachers and students, socializing diabetic adolescents, and providing family-centered education.

The Effects of Patient Care Results of Applied Nursing Intervention to Individuals With Stoma According to the Health Belief Model.

BACKGROUND: Individuals who have undergone stoma surgery take time to adjust to the stoma, and their quality of life is decreasing. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of home-based nursing interventions informed by the Health Belief Model on patient care outcomes for individuals having a stoma. METHODS: This pretest, posttest, and semiexperimental design with a control group included adults who underwent a stoma operation in the previous 3 months. In total, 30 were assigned to the experimental group and 31 to the control group. Study forms included a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Stoma Quality of Life Scale, the Ostomy Adjustment Inventory, and the Pittman Complication Severity Index. RESULTS: After home nursing interventions, there was a significant difference between the compliance rates of the individuals in the experimental group and the complication rates and cost averages (P < .05) with individuals in the control group; no significant difference in quality-of-life scores was found between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: In order to effectively support postoperative individuals following stoma surgery when they are released from the hospital, postdischarge follow-up care informed by the Health Belief Model components should be offered. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: We recommend creating hospital-based, home care teams that follow individuals with a stoma for at least 6 months after discharge.

Effects of flavonoid-rich fruits on hypertension in adults: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this systematic review was to synthesize the best available research evidence on the effectiveness of flavonoid-rich fruits in the treatment of hypertension. INTRODUCTION: Hypertension is a serious public health concern as it contributes to a significant burden of disease, leading to millions of deaths globally. Complementary therapies including flavonoids have generated interest in assisting the treatment of hypertension. Flavonoids are a type of polyphenol abundant in fruits and a growing body of evidence suggests antihypertensive effects of the flavonoids due to their antioxidant properties. To date, no systematic review has been performed to collate the evidence on the effects of flavonoid-rich fruits on hypertension in adults. INCLUSION CRITERIA: This systematic review included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the administration of any type of flavonoid-rich fruit or equivalent supplement with a placebo or other intervention in adults with hypertension. Trials that measured blood pressure using objective outcome measures such as a manual mercury sphygmomanometer were included. Studies that did not specify the flavonoid component of the fruit or fruit supplement were excluded from the review. Secondary outcomes, including change in weight, blood glucose level, triglycerides and total blood cholesterol levels, were also assessed. METHODS: A three-step search was undertaken, including a comprehensive search of the MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Trials (CENTRAL) and CINAHL databases, in September 2018. We also searched Dissertation Abstracts International, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, MedNar and ClinicalTrials.gov to identify unpublished studies. The title and abstracts of the studies were reviewed by two independent reviewers against the inclusion/exclusion criteria. The methodological quality of the potential studies for inclusion were assessed using the critical appraisal checklist for randomized controlled trials as recommended by JBI. Data were pooled in a statistical meta-analysis model. Subgroup-analysis according to type of intervention and length of intervention period was performed. Where statistical pooling was not possible, the findings have been presented in a narrative form. RESULTS: Fifteen randomized controlled trials involving 572 participants were included in the review. The subclasses of flavonoids assessed included: anthocyanins, naringin, narirutin and flavan-3-ols. The overall methodological quality of the trials was high. Six trials investigated the effect of the flavonoid intervention on blood pressure within four weeks. Meta-analysis of four of the trials demonstrated no effect of flavonoids on systolic or diastolic blood pressure when compared to placebo (systolic mean difference = -1.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] -3.12, 1.07; p = 0.34, I = 0%; diastolic mean difference = -0.90, 95% CI -2.10, 0.31; p = 0.15, I = 0%). Similarly, pooled results from two crossover RCTs with two-timed dosed interventions in a 24-hour period demonstrated no effect on a reduction in diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.38) but did reveal evidence of a reduction in systolic blood pressure (p = 0). Six trials assessed blood pressure following the flavonoid intervention at more than four weeks follow-up. Meta-analysis of five of the trials demonstrated evidence of no effect on either systolic blood pressure (mean difference = -0.95, 95%CI -3.58, 1.68; p = 0.478, I = 0%) or diastolic blood pressure (mean difference = 0.86, 95%CI -1.11, 2.82; p = 0.393, I = 0%). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this systematic review should be interpreted with caution, given that the results are obtained from single-center trials with small sample sizes. Flavonoids have no effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Further robust RCTs using sample sizes based on power calculations are needed to provide evidence for the use of flavonoid-rich fruits for the management of hypertension.

Effects of a home-based nursing intervention programme among adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of a home-based nursing intervention programme established based on the Health Promotion Model on the health outcomes of adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. BACKGROUND: After diagnosed with diabetes, it is necessary to ensure that nursing care is not limited to the hospital setting but continues at home. DESIGN: A quasi-experimental design with a pre- and post-test control group was used. The researchers have complied with the guidelines of TREND Checklist in presenting this study. METHOD: This study was conducted in Izmir, Turkey, with 71 adolescents (35 in an intervention group and 36 in a control group) diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus who were registered at the paediatric endocrinology outpatient clinics of two hospitals and were selected using the convenience sampling method between June-December 2017. A home-based nursing intervention programme (5 week) was provided to the intervention group while standard care was provided to the control group. Data were collected at the baseline, and 3 and 6 months after a 5-week home-based nursing intervention. Multi-way and one-way analysis of variance, the Bonferroni correction, regression analysis, t test, chi-squared analysis and a structural equation model were used for data analysis of the iterative measurements. RESULTS: At the end of the home-based nursing intervention programme, the HbA1c mean scores significantly decreased, while self-efficacy perception, frequency of managing diabetes and taking responsibility in managing diabetes increased in the intervention group compared to those in the control group. Frequency of admission to the hospital and average costs were lower in the intervention group than in control group. The home-based nursing intervention programme using structural equation modelling increased the frequency of managing diabetes and taking responsibility in managing diabetes and decreased HbA1c levels. CONCLUSION: The home-based nursing intervention programme was effective in decreasing HbA1c levels, increasing the frequency of diabetes management and taking responsibility in managing diabetes, and improving the self-efficacy of the adolescents. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The home-based nursing intervention programme can be applied by nurses to ease the transition of adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus and their parents to healthy daily life practices and ensure their glycemic controls after being discharged.

Effectiveness of flavonoid rich fruits for hypertension in adults: a systematic review protocol.

REVIEW QUESTION: The question of this review is: what is the effectiveness of flavonoid rich fruits for blood pressure in adults with hypertension?

Cultural attitudes of society towards tuberculosis patients: A qualitative study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the view on tuberculosis of individuals living in an urban setting. METHODS: This qualitative study was conducted between April and May in 2015 in in the Balcova region of Izmir, Turkey, and comprised healthy adults who did not have tuberculosis. Data was collected via information form of socio-demographic features and a semi-structured questionnaire. Focus group interviews were conducted. Data collection was terminated when data reached saturation point. Data was analysed using content analysis. RESULTS: Data analysis of 26 subjects in all revealed three main themes; information about tuberculosis, perceptions, attitudes and behaviour regarding tuberculosis or tuberculosis patients and stigmatisation and its causes. CONCLUSIONS: Findings showed that participants didn't have sufficient information about tuberculosis, had prejudices and fears about the disease and patients, and isolated them.

Propriedades psicométricas da versão turca da escala Tuberculosis-Related Stigma / Propiedades psicométricas versión turca de la escala Tuberculosis-Related Stigma / Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Tuberculosis-Related Stigma scale

Resumo Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a validade e confiabilidade da escala Tuberculosis-Related Stigma. Métodos Estudo metodológico com 263 indivíduos não diagnosticados com tuberculose pulmonar. Também foi utilizada a análise de correlação de Pearson, o coeficiente alfa de Cronbach, correlação item total e análise fatorial dos dados do estudo. Resultados Neste estudo, o coeficiente alfa de Cronbach foi 0,83 para a subescala perspectivas da comunidade e 0,89 para a subescala perspectivas dos pacientes. O RMSEA foi 0,077, NFI: 0,91, CFI: 0,94, RMR: 0,056, SRM: 0,079, GFI: 0,95, AGFI: 0,94, x2: 582,84, DP: 228 e x2/SD: 2,55 (p=0,000). Claramente, todos os índices de ajuste do modelo foram aceitáveis. Conclusão À luz dos resultados, a versão turca da escala Tuberculosis-Related Stigma tem validade e confiabilidade aceitáveis para uso na população turca.

Resumen Objetivo El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la validez y confiabilidad de la escala Tuberculosis-Related Stigma. Métodos Estudio metodológico con 263 sujetos no diagnosticados con tuberculosis pulmonar. También se utilizó el análisis de correlación de Pearson, el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach, correlación ítem total y análisis factorial de los datos del estudio. Resultados En este estudio, el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach fue del 0,83 para las perspectivas de la subescala de la comunidad y del 0,89 para las perspectivas de la subescala de pacientes. El RMSEA fue del 0,077, NFI: 0,91, CFI: 0,94, RMR: 0,056, SRM: 0,079, GFI: 0,95, AGFI: 0,94, x2: 582,84, DP: 228 y x2 / SD: 2,55 (p = 0,000). Claramente, todos los índices de ajuste del modelo fueron aceptables. Conclusión Conforme los resultados, la versión turca de la escala Tuberculosis-Related Stigma es confiable y posee validez aceptable para su uso en la población turca.

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of the Turkish "Tuberculosis-Related Stigma Scale". Methods This study used methodological design. This methodological study was conducted with 263 with individuals who not being diagnosed as pulmonary tuberculosis. We also used Pearson correlation analysis, Cronbach alpha coefficient, item total correlation and factor analysis for the study data. Results In this study, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was .83 for the subscale community perspectives and .89 for the subscale patient perspectives. RMSEA was 0.077, NFI was 0.91, CFI was 0.94, RMR was 0.056, SRM was 0.079, GFI was 0.95, AGFI was 0.94, x2 was 582.84, SD was 228 and x2/SD was 2.55 (p= 0.000). Clearly, all model fit indices were acceptable. Conclusion In the light of the findings, Turkish version of Tuberculosis-Related Stigma Scale has acceptable validity and reliability for use in Turkish population.

Psychometric Testing of the Turkish Version of the Skin Cancer and Sun Knowledge Scale in Nursing Students.

The present study aimed assesses the nursing students' knowledge of skin cancer and sun and their sun protection behaviors. This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed from May to June 2014 with a convenience sample of 376 undergraduate nursing students from one nursing faculty located in Izmir. Mean age of the students was 21.56 ± 1.96 years. The mean score that the females obtained from the level of knowledge and protection behaviors scales was significantly higher than that of the males. Older age group (≥22 years) obtained higher scores on the knowledge and protection behaviors scales than younger group (≤21 years). Nursing students' knowledge of, and behavior regarding, skin cancer and sun health were insufficient. Equipping them with the necessary knowledge and behaviors related to skin cancer and sun health by developing training programs and strategies on the issue is of utmost importance.

The Reliability and Validity of Prostate Cancer Fatalism Inventory in Turkish Language.

This study aimed to conduct the reliability and validity study of the Prostate Cancer Fatalism Inventory in Turkish language. The study carried out in methodological type and consisted of 171 men. The ages of the participants ranged between 40 and 82. The content validity index was determined to be 0.80, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value 0.825, Bartlett's test X 2 = 750.779 and p = 0.000. Then the principal component analysis was applied to the 15-item inventory. The inventory consisted of one dimension, and the load factors were over 0.30 for all items. The explained variance of the inventory was found 33.3 %. The Kuder-Richardson-20 coefficient was determined to be 0.849 and the item-total correlations ranged between 0.335 and 0.627. The Prostate Cancer Fatalism Inventory was a reliable and valid measurement tool in Turkish language. Integrating psychological strategies for prostate cancer screening may be required to strengthen the positive effects of nursing education.

Perceived Barriers and Home Care Needs When Adapting to a Fecal Ostomy: A Phenomenological Study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine perceived barriers to adaptation to life with a fecal ostomy based on the Health Belief Model and to reveal home care needs related to these perceptions. DESIGN: Phenomenological study. SUBJECTS AND SETTING: Twelve participants undergoing ileostomy or colostomy within 3 months of data collection participated in the study. The participants were recruited from Stomatherapy Outpatient Clinic of Dokuz Eylül University Hospital. Their mean age was 54.41 ± 19.14 years (mean ± SD). Eight (67%) underwent ostomy surgery 2 to 3 months prior to study participation; 9 (75%) underwent stoma surgery for the treatment of colorectal cancer, 5 (42%) had a temporary stoma, and 8 also received chemotherapy for the management of an underlying malignancy. METHODS: A semistructured interview form was used to collect data, and obtained data were analyzed with inductive content analysis. The questions were based on the Health Belief Model and were directed at identifying challenges to adaptation to life at home and home care needs in patients with stoma. RESULTS: Inductive content analysis identified 4 main themes: "restriction of daily life activities"; "factors affecting adaptation to stoma"; "need for health professionals"; and "emotional effects." The theme, need for health professionals, was expressed by the highest number of the participants. The respondents explained that services from ostomy nurse specialists should begin in the hospital and continue into the home. Participants suggested that ostomy nurses are needed to improve self-care skills via telephone contact and home visits. They also expressed the need for nursing interventions for the management of adverse effects associated with chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals experience physical, mental, and social barriers when adapting to live with a new stoma and when receiving chemotherapy for underlying cancer. Additional services from ostomy nurses are needed to aid patients when adapting to these challenges.

Women's Barriers to Prevention of Lymphedema After Breast Surgery and Home Care Needs: A Qualitative Study.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of lymphedema occurring after breast surgery poses a high risk of public health. Women undergoing breast surgery have been shown to experience an uncertainty about the prognosis and outcomes of the treatment of lymphedema. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine women's barriers to prevention of lymphedema after breast surgery and home care needs. METHODS: In this qualitative study using semistructured in-depth interviews, 14 women with lymphedema selected through purposeful sampling were interviewed. Data were analyzed using inductive content analysis techniques. RESULTS: The following themes were identified and defined: "lymphedema development," "coping with lymphedema," and effects of lymphedema on life." Subthemes were also identified. CONCLUSION: This study revealed physical, psychological, and social difficulties in the consistent use of behaviors to manage lymphedema. It turned out that the women were not provided with sufficient information and counseling before lymphedema development. Familial support and meeting with women experiencing the same disease were found to have a positive effect on management of lymphedema. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Management of lymphedema should be initiated before surgery and continued even when treatment for the cancer is concluded. Patients should be offered information and monitored throughout their life. Individual methods of managing lymphedema should be determined in patients' own home environments at the time of home visits. Families and social networks of women should also be involved. Support groups including patients with similar problems are recommended to create awareness and motivation.

Effects of Interventions Based on Health Behavior Models on Breast Cancer Screening Behaviors of Migrant Women in Turkey.

BACKGROUND: Antalya is a city receiving internal and external migration in Turkey, including migrant women in need of developing breast cancer screening behaviors. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop breast cancer screening behaviors of migrant women through nursing interventions based on the Health Belief Model and the Health Promotion Model. METHODS: This quasi-experimental study was conducted with 200 women (100 women in the intervention group, 100 women in the control group) in Antalya. The intervention group received training, consultancy service, and reminders and was followed up at 3 and 6 months after interventions. RESULTS: The rates of breast self-examination, clinical breast examination and mammography were higher at months 3 and 6 in women in the intervention group compared with the women in the control group. In the intervention group, perceptions of susceptibility and barriers decreased after the interventions, and benefit, health motivation, and self-efficacy perceptions increased. According to month 6 data, in the intervention group, the decrease of each unit in perception of barriers increased the rate of breast self-examination 0.8 times and the rate of mammography 0.7 times. An increase of each unit in health motivation increased the rate of clinical breast examination 1.3 times and the rate of mammography 1.5 times. CONCLUSION: Interventions based on health behavior models positively affected breast cancer screening behaviors of migrant women. Health motivations and perceptions of barriers are determinants in performing the screening behaviors. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Migrant women should be supported more by healthcare professionals regarding recognition of breast health and disease and in transportation to screening centers in their new location.

Barriers and facilitators to breast cancer screening among migrant women within Turkey.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to examine facilitators and barriers that migrant women in Turkey identified related to breast self-examination, clinical breast examination, and mammography. DESIGN: Focus group method was conducted with 39 women. An interview guide based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) and the Health Promotion Model (HPM) was used. RESULTS: Three main themes became apparent as a result of data analysis: (a) knowledge and awareness about breast cancer, (b) personal factors, and (c) medical service provider and social environment. CONCLUSIONS: Focus groups conducted in line with HBM and HPM were effective in explaining barriers and facilitators toward participation of women in screening behaviors. Lack of information, indifference, and cultural factors are the most important barriers of women. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The study will shed light on health care professionals working in primary health care organizations for developing the health training programs and consulting strategies in order to increase breast cancer screening practices of migrant women.

Barriers and facilitating factors perceived in Turkish women's behaviors towards early cervical cancer detection: a qualitative approach.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to investigate perceived inhibiting and facilitating factors concerning cervical cancer early diagnosis behavior in Turkish women over the age of 40. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was carried out by qualitative focus group interview with 35 participating women, in the period between April-June 2010. A semi-structured interview questionnaire based on the Health Belief Model and the Health Promotion Model was used. Content analysis was applied to the study data. RESULTS: Barriers such as lack of knowledge of women as regards to the cervical cancer and early detection, lack of sensitivity- negligence, forgetting, fear, inadequacy of health insurance and transportation, financial problems, inability to get an appointment, lack of female doctors, embarrassment, fatalist approach were frequently addressed. As for facilitating factors, these included provision of information, health professionals showing interest and tolerance, free services, provision of transportation means and reminding telephone calls. CONCLUSIONS: Focus group interviews were found to be effective in determining inhibiting and facilitating factors concerning cervical cancer early diagnosis behavior. In line with the results of the study, preparation of structured national and regional education programs and their addition to curriculum programs may be effective in realizing and maintaining positive early detection behavior.